Phytochemical screening, Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and antioxidant activity of Synsepalum dulcificum fruit were investigated using standard methods. S. dulcificum fruit was procured, identified and used to prepare the extract for the study. Phytochemicals observed in the fruit extract were tannins, phlobatannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpernoids, and phenolic compounds. Tannins and few other phytochemicals were in high concentrations. The GC-MS analysis of the fruit extract revealed a total of seventy-four compounds among which are Pentanoic acid, Pyrrolidine, 2-butyl-1-methyl-, 1H-Azepine, hexahydro-, Propanoic acid, 2-(aminooxy)-, Benzofuran, 2,3-dihydro-, Ethosuximide, 5-Hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-1-(1-hydroxy-1-isopropyl)cyclohex-3-ene, Benzenepropanoic acid, methyl ester, Ethanone, 1-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-,Benzenepropanoic acid, Benzaldehyde, 4-hydroxy-, Cyclooctane -methanol, α,α-dimethyl-, 2-Cyclohexen-1-ol, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethenyl)-, trans-,Cyclohexene, 3,3,5-trimethyl-, (Cyclopropyl)trivinylsilane, Acetamide, n-ethyl-N-phenyl-,5-Heptenal, 2,6-dimethyl-, and 5,9-Dimethyl-2-(1-methylethylidene)-1-cyclodecanol.  Some of the compounds have industrial or medical applications. The fruit extract also exhibited antioxidant property which compared favorably with the antioxidant activity of ascorbic acid. The antioxidant property of the fruit extract could be linked to the compounds observed in the fruit. This study has shown the phytochemical screening, GC-MS analysis and antioxidant activity of S. dulcificum fruit.

Newbouldia laevis (Bignoniaceae) is a plant used in traditional medicine in Togo, in the treatment of several ailments. The leaves are used in the treatment of dysentery, malaria and diarrhoea. The objective of this study is to investigate the chemical compounds, evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Newbouldia laevis leaves. The extracts were obtained by maceration of dried leaf powder in hydroalcoholic mixture (20/80) and decoction of fresh leaves. Phytochemical screening and chromatographic analysis were used to identify the chemical compounds in the extracts. The antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH and FRAP assays. The evaluation of antibacterial activity of the extracts is done by diffusion method and microdilution. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of total phenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponosides, alkaloids, cardiotonic heterosides and anthracenes in the decoction while only total phenols, tannins, flavonoids and saponosides were found in the hydroethanol extract. Chromatographic analysis identified about ten compounds including seven in the macerate. Evocarpine was identified only in the decoctate. The decoctate is more effective in trapping the DPPH free radical than the macerate. The extracts showed antioxidant activity. The decoctate showed antibacterial activity on K. pneumoniae ATCC 13883 (MIC = 6.25 mg/ml) and S. aureus ATCC 29213 (MIC = 3.125 mg/ml). The results show that N. laevis leaves possess antioxidant and antibacterial activities. These activities are higher with the decoctate and show promise as a new source of phytodrugs.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of natural extracts of the leaves of fruit trees native to Brazil: cherry tree (Eugenia involucrata), surinam cherry tree (Eugenia uniflora), jambolan tree (Eugenia jambolana) and bush peach tree (Eugenia Myrcianthes). The extracts were obtained by conventional extraction method, using as solvents: ethanol, ethyl acetate and hexane. The samples were phytochemically characterized by the colorimetry method, demonstrating greater presence of total flavonoids for ethyl acetate extracts. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was tested against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp strains, by the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), being the ethanolic extract the only one to eliminate all microorganisms. The content of total phenolic compounds (TPC) was evaluated by the Folin-Ciocalteau method and the determination of antioxidant activity by the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazine (DPPH) and Iron Reducing Antioxidant method (FRAP).  The results showed that all extracts obtained by ethanol were quantitatively higher. The results suggest potential action of natural extracts, deserving more advanced studies in this sense.

Vegetables are very important sources of protein and minerals for people. This study aims to promote Solanum macrocarpon on diet in Benin through phytochemical analysis and assessment of nutritional potential its leaves. Ash following standard ISO 749:1977, proteins according to ISO 5983:2005; content of mineral and trace elements by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and secondary metabolites following staining and precipitation reactions specific to each metabolite family. Determination of total phenolic compounds was made by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Aluminum trichloride method has been used to quantify total flavonoids, while the determination of condensed tannins was carried out by hydrochloric vanillin method. The results revealed that Solanum macrocarpon leaves contain flavonoids, tannins, proteins and saponosides. The yield of ethanol extract is 19.60%; the ash content is 15.22% and 3759 mg/Kg of proteins. The content of mineral and trace elements showed 428.90 mg/kg of potassium, 31.75 mg/kg phosphorus; 700.25 mg/kg of iron; 6.91 mg/kg of magnesium, 2199.49 mg/kg of sodium, 601.44 mg/kg of nitrogen and 157.10 mg/kg of calcium. These results therefore reflect a high nutritional potential of Solanum macrocarpon leave for people in Benin.

Traditional system of medicines including herbal, mineral and herbo-mineral formulations are being used since centuries for the wellbeing of the people all over the world. But drug safety is very basic and fundamental concept in medical practice. The current raised issue with respect to alternative medicine and Ayurveda is its increasing reports of Adverse Drug Reactions (Adverse Drug Reaction) related to herbal, mineral and herbo-mineral medicine. This may be due to increase in number of people taking herbal products either as medicine or as a nutritional supplement. So Adverse Drug Reactions play an important role in assessing patient safety in any system of medicine. According to WHO, Adverse Drug Reactions are an expression that describe harm associated with the use of medication at therapeutic dose. In Ayurveda the terms like Aushadha Vyapata which means complications of a drug or unintended drug reaction rather than intended drug actions in human body are explained by Acharyas can be correlated to ADVERSE DRUG REACTION s. So to understand the adverse drug reactions in the human body one need to know about the pharmacokinetics of the medicines. Pharmacokinetics deals with the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the drug. Through this one can understand the time course of drug and its effect in the human body. It provides a base line when the treatment in disease is initiated. It is a missing critical step in the Ayurvedic system of Medicine. So, to understand the ADVERSE DRUG REACTION s in human body one need to understand the concept of pharmacokinetics of drug properly.

Asthishrinkhala (Cissus quadrangularis Linn.) is well known plant in traditional system of old Indian medicine. Almost all parts of Asthishrinkhala like, root, stem, leaf are used medicinally. In Ayurveda this plant is mainly used to treat Asthi bhagana, Vatavaydhis, Netra-Roga, Arsh etc. According to modern science the plant possesses many other activities like Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Gastro protective activity, Blood detoxifier, Aphrodisiac. Plant is used in worm infestation, bowl disorder and ophthalmic disease too.